Contoh Karya Tulis Biologi berbahasa inggri
THE
MANGROVE FOREST CONSERVATION EFFORTS
AND ITS BENEFITS TO THE ECOSYSTEM
IN
NUSA DUA BALI
SCHOLARLY
PAPER
Submitted
to fulfill the school task based on study tour on 23rd until 29th June 2013 and
as one of the requirement to attend the final exam
Written
by :
DEVI
KHARISMA
XII
SCIENCE 8
111210169
SEKOLAH
MENENGAH ATAS NEGERI 1 SUMEDANG
Jl.
Prabu Geusam Ulun No. 39 Sumedang
2013
APPROVAL
PAGE
THE MANGROVE
FOREST CONVERSATION EFFORTS AND ITS BENEFITS TO THE ECOSYSTEM
IN NUSA DUA
BALI
Approved by :
Material Advisor, Technical Advisor,
Rita Sutaryo S. Pd Dra. Siti
Jubaedah, M.M.Pd
NIP. NIP.
196302121991112001
Known by :
The Vice
Headmaster of SMAN 1 Homeroom Teacher
Sumedang,
Drs. Yosep Raharja Yeni
Yuniarti, S.Pd.MPKim
MOTTO AND DEDICATED
Motto
Ø Failure occurs only when we give up.
Ø Make the disappointments of the past into a successful weapon in the future..
Ø The opportunity only comes one time, as well as confidence.
Ø Make useful knowledge for themselves and others
Ø Be wise to take a good decision.
Dedicated
I dedicate this paper to:
Ø Allah SWT.
Ø My beloved father Pa Dahlan, mother Ibu Taswi and my crazy brother Panji.
Ø Supervising Teacher, Homeroom Teacher and the Head of SMAN 1 Sumedang
Ø Mr. and Mrs. Teacher SMAN 1 Sumedang.
Ø Friends in SMAN 1 Sumedang, especially my classmates.
Ø The community and the nation
Ø Friends in SMAN 1 Sumedang, especially my classmates.
Ø The community and the nation
PREFACE
Praises, thanks to the Most Gracious
and the Most Merciful, ALLAH SWT who always gives her all the best of this life
and there is no doubt about it. Shalawat and Salaam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW
and his family, comrade and all of Moslems all over the world. Due to Allah’s
love and blessings, the writer is able to finish the paper entitle “The Mangrove
Forest Conservation Efforts And Its Benefits To The Ecosystem In Nusa Dua
Bali”.
The writer would like to take her
opportunity to express her deep and sincere gratitude to the following:
- Dr. Yosep Raharja M.M.Pd as The Headmaster of SMAN 1 Sumedang.
- Mrs. Yeni Yuniarti, S.Pd.MPKim as The Homeroom Teacher of XII Science 8 class.
- Mrs. Rita Sutaryo S. Pd as Material Advisor.
- Mrs. Dra. Siti Jubaedah, M.M.Pd as Technical Advisor.
- My Beloved parents, brother and sister who have give all support.
- My beloved aunt who has encourage.
- My Friends who has motivated.
- And the others
The writer realized and aware that
this paper is out of perfect, due to limited time, ability and knowledge that
the writer has. The writer would like to invite any critics, suggestions and
commnets for improvement.
Sumedang,
september 2013
The
writer
TABLE OF
CONTENT
APROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................
DEDICATED PAGE ........................................................................................
PREFACE ...........................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT .....................................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1.1
Backround
....................................................................................
1.2
Problem Formulation
...................................................................
1.3
Writing Purpose
...........................................................................
1.4
Time and Place of Study
..............................................................
1.5
Methods and Techniques of Research .......................................
1.6
Systematics Writing
.......................................................................
CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY
2.1 Definition
of Mangrove Forest
2.2 Definition
of Ecosystem
CHAPTER III DISSCUSION
3.1
Benefits of Mangrove Forest
Ecosystems Around Nusa Dua Beach
.............................................................................................
3.2 The
state of Mangrove Forest in Bali
.........................................
3.3 The Factors that Caused The Damage to
Mangrove Forests ...
........................................................................................................
3.4 The Efforts to Conserve Mangrove
Forest .......................................
CHAPTER IV (CLOSING)
4.1 Conclusions
...................................................................................
4.2 Suggestions
...................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................
BIOGRAPHY
.......................................................................................................
APPENDIXES .......................................................................................................
‘
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has 81,000 km of coastlines. Not surprisingly, one-third of the total world mangrove forests located in Indonesia. By measuring the amount, Indonesian mangrove forests are part of the 18-24 percent of world's mangrove forests. This habitat extends up to 4 million acres, but the state of Indonesian mangrove forest is very alarming because 70% of Indonesian mangrove forests have been destroyed. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Indonesia annually loses 60,000 hectares of mangrove forest (which became part of the unity of the mangrove forest).
One location is the location of mangrove forests in the coastal area around Nusa Dua, Bali. The amount of mangrove forest in this area is also diminished by him due to the lack of new planting mangrove seedlings and the narrowness of the land due to increasing construction of new buildings. Society is currently trying to take care for and preserve mangrove forests related to its function. Officers and coordinator were assigned to clean, to take care and plant mangroves in Tanjung Benoa, Nusa Dua Bali. One factor of the mangrove forest damage due to garbage nesting, that inhibiting and lethal mangroves. Most people assume that the mangrove forest is not so influential in dealing with environmental problems that are being faced. Of course this will be the effect on the environment due to mangrove ecosystems have many benefits and functions for the preservation of the environment.
Mangrove forests have many benefits one of them are the prevention of erosion (soil erosion due to sea water), producing oxygen, the home of plants and small animals (such as crabs, mussels, small fish, and the primate species that live in the mangrove branches), and many other benefits. Because of that hopefully the people should participate in mangrove planting program that environmental sustainability can be improved. So the percentage growth of mangrove forests can be preserved and the polution caused by humans will decrease.
1.1 Problem
Formulation
1. What
are the benefits of
the mangrove forest to the ecosystem arround Nusa
Dua Beach?
2. How is condition of mangrove forest in Nusa Dua Beach?
3. What are the efforts to preserve the mangrove forests?
4. What are the functions of mangrove forest?
2. How is condition of mangrove forest in Nusa Dua Beach?
3. What are the efforts to preserve the mangrove forests?
4. What are the functions of mangrove forest?
1.2
Writing Purpose
To
the purpose of writing this paper are :
1. To find out what the benefits of mangrove forest to the ecosystem in Nusa Dua Beach are.
2. To know condition of mangrove forest in Nusa Dua Beach.
3. To find out what efforts to preserve the mangrove forests.
4. To explain the function of mangrove forests.
1. To find out what the benefits of mangrove forest to the ecosystem in Nusa Dua Beach are.
2. To know condition of mangrove forest in Nusa Dua Beach.
3. To find out what efforts to preserve the mangrove forests.
4. To explain the function of mangrove forests.
1.3
Time and place of study
Research
conducted during the study tour to Bali on 21-28 June 2013.
Research carried out directly in the Nusa
Dua Beach.
1.6 Method of Research Techniques
To obtain the necessary data and information, the author uses the method of observation, library research, and variety resources from internet media.
1.6 Method of Research Techniques
To obtain the necessary data and information, the author uses the method of observation, library research, and variety resources from internet media.
1.7 Systematics Writing
In this paper the author divides the paper into 4 chapters.
CHAPTER I is the introduction provides background, formulation of the problem, purpose of research, time and place of research, methods and techniques of research, and systematic writing of this paper.
CHAPTER II is literature review provides the meaning of mangrove forest, the types and the meany of mangrove forest ecosystems.
CHAPTER III is discussion of the problem provides benefits to the ecosystem of the mangrove forest around Nusa Dua Beach, the state of mangrove forest in Nusa Dua beach,the efforts to preserve mangrove forest and its functions.
CHAPTER VI is clossing contains conclusions and suggestions of this paper.
In this paper the author divides the paper into 4 chapters.
CHAPTER I is the introduction provides background, formulation of the problem, purpose of research, time and place of research, methods and techniques of research, and systematic writing of this paper.
CHAPTER II is literature review provides the meaning of mangrove forest, the types and the meany of mangrove forest ecosystems.
CHAPTER III is discussion of the problem provides benefits to the ecosystem of the mangrove forest around Nusa Dua Beach, the state of mangrove forest in Nusa Dua beach,the efforts to preserve mangrove forest and its functions.
CHAPTER VI is clossing contains conclusions and suggestions of this paper.
CHAPTER II
BASIC THEORY
BASIC THEORY
2.1
Definition of Mangrove Forests
Mangrove forest is a forest that grows on brackish
water marshes located on the coastline and its influenced by tidal sea water.
The mangrove forest grow particularly in places where there is siltation and
accumulation of organic matter. it grows in the sheltered bays in the onslaught
of the waves, as well as in around the mouth of the river where the water slows
down and precipitate sludge brought from upstream.
Mangrove ecosystem is unique, both because of the siltation that resulted in a lack of soil aeration high soil salinity and experienced cycle tidal inundation by sea water. Only a few species of plants that survive in this kind of place, and these types of mangrove forests are mostly typical for having gone through the process of adaptation and evolution.
Mangrove forest supports a high abundance and variety of life and diverse wildlife as a result of the weathering rate of litter and detritus. Through mangrove detritus has been described in several studies ( Alongi, 1990; Alongi et al., 1989). leftovers based food webs in coastal ecosystems and maintained significance for coastal fisheries. Therefore, with regard to the function of mangrove forests as a source of food. Fish production is believed to depend on mangrove areas, and the dependence of many species of penaeid prawns in mangrove has also been demonstrated. Decapoda prey density and fish may be greater in the mangrove than anywhere else, but there is no verification that food availability affect growth or survival.
Mangrove roots provide protection for small nekton from predators, thereby increasing overall survival. The benefits derived from mangrove ecosystem is growing quite extensive and covers a wide range of economic, environmental and social aspects, including carbon sequestration to combat global warming and protection from erosion, floods, hurricanes, typhoons and tidal waves ( Primavera, 2000). In addition, a large mangrove losses have occurred across the world such as coastal erosion, decline in fishery resources and other environmental consequences.
Mangrove ecosystem is unique, both because of the siltation that resulted in a lack of soil aeration high soil salinity and experienced cycle tidal inundation by sea water. Only a few species of plants that survive in this kind of place, and these types of mangrove forests are mostly typical for having gone through the process of adaptation and evolution.
Mangrove forest supports a high abundance and variety of life and diverse wildlife as a result of the weathering rate of litter and detritus. Through mangrove detritus has been described in several studies ( Alongi, 1990; Alongi et al., 1989). leftovers based food webs in coastal ecosystems and maintained significance for coastal fisheries. Therefore, with regard to the function of mangrove forests as a source of food. Fish production is believed to depend on mangrove areas, and the dependence of many species of penaeid prawns in mangrove has also been demonstrated. Decapoda prey density and fish may be greater in the mangrove than anywhere else, but there is no verification that food availability affect growth or survival.
Mangrove roots provide protection for small nekton from predators, thereby increasing overall survival. The benefits derived from mangrove ecosystem is growing quite extensive and covers a wide range of economic, environmental and social aspects, including carbon sequestration to combat global warming and protection from erosion, floods, hurricanes, typhoons and tidal waves ( Primavera, 2000). In addition, a large mangrove losses have occurred across the world such as coastal erosion, decline in fishery resources and other environmental consequences.
2.2 Definition
of Ecosystem
An ecosystem is an ecological system that is formed by the inseparable interrelationship between living things with their environment. Ecosystem can be regarded as a unit arrangement completely and thoroughly between all elements of the environment affect each other.
Ecosystem is an amalgamation of every unit biosystem involving reciprocal interactions between organisms and the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to certain biotic structure and there is a cycle between organisms and anorganisme material. The sun as the source of all energy that exist.
In ecosystems, organisms growing in the community together with the physical environment as a system. Organisms will adapt to the physical environment, otherwise organisms also affect the physical environment for living. This notion is based on the Gaia Hypothesis, namely : " organisms, especially microorganisms, together with the physical environment produces a control system that keeps the state of the earth suitable for life." This leads to the fact that the chemical content of the atmosphere and Earth's very controlled and very different from the other planets in the solar system.
Presence, abundance and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by the availability of resources as well as chemical and physical conditions of the factors which must be within the range that can be tolerated by the species, this is called the law of tolerance. For example : Panda has a wide tolerance to temperature, but has a narrow tolerance to food, namely bamboo.
Thus, pandas can live in ecosystems with any condition as long as there is a bamboo in the ecosystem as a source of food. In contrast to other living beings, humans can widen the range of tolerance because of its ability to think, develop technology and manipulate nature.
Ecosystem forming components are :
a.
Abiotic ( non-living components ) : Physical and
chemical components of a medium
or substrate where the continuity of life, or living environment. Most of the
abiotic components vary in space and time. Abiotic components can be either
organic, inorganic compounds, and the factors that affect the distribution of
organisms
b.
Biotic ( living components ) : term usually used to
refer to something that is alive ( organism ). Biotic components are the
components that make up an ecosystem than components abiotic ( lifeless ).
Based on the role and function, living things can be divided into two kinds,
namely :
a. Heterotrophic / Consumers, composed of organisms that utilize organic materials supplied by other organisms as food. Heterotrophic component called macro consumer ( fagotrof ) because food eaten smaller. Heterotrophic belonging are human, animals, fungi, and microbes.
b. Decomposers / decomposers : organisms that decompose organic matter derived from dead organisms. Decomposers also consumers called macro ( sapotrof ) because of the food eaten in larger sizes. Decomposing organisms absorb part of the decomposition and release simple materials that can be reused by the manufacturer. Are classified as decomposers are bacteria and fungi. There are also decomposers called detritivor, ie animals that eat decomposing remains of organic material, for example, is a wood louse.
a. Heterotrophic / Consumers, composed of organisms that utilize organic materials supplied by other organisms as food. Heterotrophic component called macro consumer ( fagotrof ) because food eaten smaller. Heterotrophic belonging are human, animals, fungi, and microbes.
b. Decomposers / decomposers : organisms that decompose organic matter derived from dead organisms. Decomposers also consumers called macro ( sapotrof ) because of the food eaten in larger sizes. Decomposing organisms absorb part of the decomposition and release simple materials that can be reused by the manufacturer. Are classified as decomposers are bacteria and fungi. There are also decomposers called detritivor, ie animals that eat decomposing remains of organic material, for example, is a wood louse.
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
3.1 Benefits
of Mangrove Forest Ecosystems Around Nusa Dua Beach
Mangrove
forest functions and benefits that are very important for forest ecosystems,
water and natural surroundings. Physically mangrove forests have useful functions as retaining abrasion, intrusion
( permeation ) of sea water windbreaks reduce the content of carbon dioxide gas
( CO2 ) in the air, and pollutants in coastal swamp waters. Biologicaly mangrove
forests serve as a place to live ( shelter, feeding, spawning ) marine life
such as fish and shrimp ) sources of organic matter as a source of the first
consumer feed ( feed worms, crabs and shellfish group / snail ), which
subsequently become a source of food for consumers on it in the food chain
cycle in an ecosystem variety of wildlife habitat, such as monkeys, estuarine
crocodiles, lizards and birds.
Judging
from the function social and economic benefits, mangrove forests are useful as
spot outdoor activities ( recreation, education and research ) timber, firewood,
charcoal and paper raw materials, as well as palm leaves for roofing home producing
tannin to manufacture inks, plastics, adhesives, preservatives net and
tanneries producing food ( fish / shrimp / crab, and sugar palm sap ), and
drugs ( Bruguiera leaves sexangula for tumor inhibitors, Ceriops tagal and
Xylocarpus mollucensis to cure toothache, etc. ) as livelihoods of fishermen
and farmers, and craftsmen roofs and palm sugar
Meanwhile,
according to Davis, Claridge and Natarina (1995 ), mangrove forests have the
following functions and benefits :
a. As endangered species habitat
Mangrove
forests are a habitat for wildlife species. More than 100 species of birds live
here, and the land bordering the vast mud mangrove forest is a place of landing
of thousands of migrants Refine your mild coast, including rare bird species
Blekok Asia ( Limnodrumus semipalmatus ).
b.
Protection
against natural disasters
Mangrove
vegetation can protect buildings, agricultural crops or natural vegetation from
storm damage or salt -laden winds through the filtration process.
c.
Deposition of silt
The physical properties of the plant
on the mangroves help to siltation process. Siltation closely related to the
removal of toxins and water nutrients, because these materials are often bound
to the sludge particles. With mangrove forests, sea water quality protected
from silt erosion
d.
Nutrient
Enhancer
The
physical properties of mangrove forests tend to slow down the water flow and
precipitation occurs. Along with this deposition process occurs nutrient
derived from a variety of sources, including leaching from agricultural areas.
e.
Fastening Poison
Many
toxins that enter the aquatic ecosystem in a state bound to the surface of the
mud or on the lattice water molecules soil particles. Some species in the
mangrove even help in the procces of sequestration toxin actively.
f.
Transportation
In
some mangrove forests, transport by water is the most efficient and the best
suited to the environment.
g.
Germplasm
resources
Germplasm
of wild life is very beneficial both for the improvement of commercial wildlife species and to keep wildlife
populations untukmemelihara itself.
h.
Recreation and
tourism
Mangrove
forests have aesthetic value, both natural factors and the life in it. Mangrove
forests provide different points of the other natural attractions. The characteristics
of the forest which are in transition between land and sea is unique in several
cases. The tourists also got lessons directly from the natural environment.
This tourist activities in addition to provide direct revenue for sales
managers through admission and parking. They are also able to grow the economy
of the surrounding community by providing employment and business
opportunities, such as opening a food stall, rent a boat, and a tour guide.
i. Educational facilities and research
The efforts to develop science and technology requires a good field laboratory for research and educational activities.
The efforts to develop science and technology requires a good field laboratory for research and educational activities.
j. Maintain Processes and Natural Systems
Mangrove forests are very high role in supporting the ongoing processes of ecological, geomorphological, or geology in it.
k. Carbon Sequestration
Fotosentesis
process change inorganic carbon ( C02 ) into organic carbon in the form of
vegetation material. In most ecosystems, these materials decompose and release
carbon back into the atmosphere as ( C02 ). But mangroves actually contain
large amounts of organic matter that does not rot. Because of this, more
mangrove forests serve as carbon sinks than the carbon source.
3.2 The state of Mangrove Forest in Bali
Most
coastal mangrove forests in Bali is in bad condition. In fact, from of the six
mangrove areas in Bali, three of them were classified as severely damaged. Data
Department of Animal Husbandry, Fisheries and Marine Badung, there are six
points total extent of mangroves in Badung 763.60 acres. But there were three
in heavily damaged. Namely Tanjung Benoa in 39.00 acres of extensive mangrove
at the site, the current conditions are 22.83 % severely damaged 77,17% are not
damaged.
Then
in Benoa 298,00 acres of extensive mangrove is a approximately 76.92 % of
disrepair and only 23.08 % are not damaged condition. While in Jimbaran, an
area of mangrove forests 173.00 acres there were approximately 47.65 % severely
damaged and 52,35% not damaged. Prapat Benoa is the largest mangrove forest.
Mangrove forests along TNBB and Nusa Lembongan. This region included the forest
conservation. Mangrove forest in the Benoa Prapat runs in six villages in
Denpasar, Sanur Kauh ie, Sidakarya, Sesetan, Attack, Pedungan, and Pemogan. The
incoming Badung includes Kuta, Tuban, Kedonganan, Jimbaran, and Tanjung Benoa.
Kauh of Sanur to Tanjung Benoa, the mangrove forests form a place where Benoa
Bay mangrove habitat and the largest port are located in Bali.
As
the largest mangrove forests, the degraded forests in Prapat Benoa is also the
most extensive compared to other regions. Based on data from BP DAS Unda Recent,
the extensive mangrove forests in the region which heavily damaged were Prapat
this Benoa area of 253.4 hectares. Compare, with mangrove forests in Tuwed
Perancak and Jembrana were about 29.5 hectares damaged. Another example of
mangrove forests in Pejarakan and Sumberkima were damaged area of 31 hectares.
The cause destruction of mangrove forests were in Prapat Benoa, the most widely
due to land use. From 1373.5 hectares, area of 165.58 forests are used for a
variety of other uses, such as roads, landfills, wastewater treatment, and
others. The damage caused by forest clearing area of 8.11 hectares.
Overall,
the total area of mangrove forest in the heavily damaged Bali reached 11.44
percent. The broken were categories reached 9.1 percent. The extensive mangrove
forest in the heavily damaged areas were 12.64 percent, 6.36 percent damaged
and were undamaged 80.8 percent. Mangrove forest sites in Prapat Benoa region
heavily damaged by the condition of the Cape Benoa, Benoa, Attack and Pedungan.
3.3 The Factors That Caused The Damage to Mangrove Forests
Mangrove ecosystem has many benefits and functions in natural resources, one of them as a damper and protector of wave action arising. However, due to human activities that do mischief on the earth, mangrove forests which should be taken advantage of by humans, turn out to be damage. Whether, it's due to the exploitation of mangrove forests into commercial land or damage due to pollution, that sustainability is not maintained anymore.
Here
are some types of mangrove forest destruction:
1.
Physical
and Chemical Damage
The
causes and consequences of mangrove destruction caused physical and chemical
will be described below :
a. Mineral
mining
Mineral
mining mineral, has been developed in the coastal region. Mining resulted in
the total destruction of mangrove ecosystems, while mining in the surrounding
area can cause a variety of damaging effects. The most striking effect is the
deposition of material brought to the surface water in the mangrove.
b. Diversion of freshwater flow
In
fact a good mangrove development occurs in areas that have sufficient fresh
water input. In temperate climates, seasonal freshwater input to the mangroves
are also seasonal. But it is precisely in such areas need huge freshwater for
humans too. The decision makers often see to let fresh water into the sea, so
do not to be surprised if they try to take advantage of the fresh water in the
region for the purposes of land.
b. Forest
Exploitation
Exploitation
of mangrove forests are massive done for the purposes of timber, pulp and wood
shavings. Such exploitation is usually done by clear-cutting. In natural
regeneration clearcut areas generally do not go well, resulting the reduction of
the forest because of the trees for the next crop of trees with low quality.
d. Land Conversion
d. Land Conversion
Swamp
forest in anaerobic environments and salty coastal region has always been
considered marginal or it is not suitable for agriculture and aquaculture.
However, due to the need of agricultural land and fisheries which increase the
mangrove forests are considered as alternative land.
Such
reclamation have destroyed mangrove ecosystems and also lead to negative
effects on fishing in coastal waters around it. Besides the presence of
drainage channels alter freshwater hydrologic system in the masi intact mangrove
areas are situated towards the sea and this has resulted in a negative impact.
e.
Oil Spill
The
effect of the presence of oil spills in mangroves can be divided into two
categories. The first category is the acute effect of the sea, immediately it
is visible and associated with resurfacing by the oil on the surface of plants
( pepagan, tunjang roots, breathing roots ) which has the function of the air
exchange. Under conditions of resurfacing by a very strong oil, mangroves can
die within 72 hours. Defoliation and death of mangrove trees in places most
influential occur 4-5 weeks. The second category relates to long-term chronic
poisoning mangroves and fauna is concerned by the toxic components contained in
the oil.
f.
Waste Disposal
Agricultural
activities, agro - industrial, chemical and industru household waste produced
in various amounts and then thrown into the river or beach. The presence of
excessive amounts of lead in the aquatic environment was not all materials can
be recycled naturally. In many cases, pesticides and antibiotics are also often
used, even for the processing of traditional ponds.
g.
Forest Fires
Mangrove
forest fires that have occurred in land Sembilang East Coast in 1980 - 1990
related to the opening of large tracts of land ( for estates and transmigration
) and by locals.
2.
Biological
damage
The
damage resulting from biological factors are pests. Pests on mangrove plants
are found in some places which can be briefly described as follows :
a. Caterpillars
( Lepidoptera )
b. Caterpillar
bag Acanthopsyche sp. ( Lepidoptera, psychidae ) attack plants Bruguierai spp (
tancang ) in Cilacap, Rhizophora spp. Most of the meat eaten leaves, the leaves
will be dry. Mostly young plants leaves and buds attacked by caterpillars end
result of his death.
c. Caterpillars
( Lepidoptera ) attack plants Rhizophora spp. Caterpillars eat the leaves from
hatching until the cocoon. Mangrove plants whose leaves are eaten caterpillars
on land mongering conditions generally die. The increasing population is
estimated to have a rare caterpillar predators.
d. Budworms
shoots endoeypa Capua ( Lepidoptera ) Rhizopara mucronata attack plants in
Bali. Caterpillars are the larvae inside the seed sprout and eat the buds
before the leaves open.
e. Fleas
scales chionapsis sp ( Hemiptera, diaspididae ). The scales fleas attack will
cause the leaves to turn yellow and eventually dry.
f. Grasshoppers
often attacked mangrove plants by eating the leaves, especially young.
g. Spider
attacking mangrove plants in dry months, both young and old. On young plants
can be deadly spider plant because the plant canopy entirely wrapped tightly by
the spider webs. Canopy draped in a long time will cause dry and dead mangroves.
h. Mammals including pests that can damage the
mangrove plants. This animal will eat young leaves until exhausted and finally
mangroves will die. to graze near the newly planted mangrove trees.
3.4 Efforts to Conserve Mangrove Forest
Today,
we often see environmental damage, including ecosystems and coastal resources. Many
ecosystems and coastal resources are in a crisis situation. Between ecosystems
and coastal resources in a state of crisis is estuaries, mangrove swamps,
seagrass beds, and coral reefs. As outlined above, that mangrove forests play
an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. But over the
years extensive mangrove forests in Indonesia instead of diminishing, this is
evidenced by Events mangrove forests continue to decline approximately 200
hectares per year due to a variety of factors that occur in the forest sites.
Therefore,
the efforts are required to overcome / mitigate the damage that has occurred.
The
are some efforts to maintain mangrove forests are as follows :
a. There should be counseling
Education
and socialization of the importance of mangrove forests to the community really
needs to do, especially at the community / population berdomosili. One thing
that is very unlikely, if the rescue heavily- intensively conducted, without
the support of the community
b. Enhancing
the social status of coastal marine communities around
People
who live around the sea coast is very familiar with the lack of high social
status, or low social status. Therefore, increasing their social status is very
important so that they can meet the needs without destroying the mangrove
forest ecosystem.
c. Mangrove
forest area measuring / reforestation.
The
important step after the extension is measuring the area of forest that was
damaged. With this measurement, it can facilitate the rehabilitation process.
d. A
Replanting Mangrove Forests
After
measuring the damaged area of the region, the reforestation should be done,
so that mangrove forests can grow back.
e.
Gave
a course on the management of mangrove forests.
Most
people in the wastal communities are still really back of their knowledge in
cultivating mangrove forest. It can be proved by the number of mangrove forests
detructions which are caused by the act of a human hand that is not
environmentally friendly. Therefore, the provision of courses about cultivating
mangrove forest is very important because they are able to supervise and
maintain the mangrove forest for 24 hours.
f. Supervise
and maintain the mangrove forest.
In
addition to coastal communities around the sea, beyond the community was involved
in the destruction of mangrove forests, such as sewage plant dumped into the
sea. At this step, the role of the people who live around the coastal ocean is
very important, because it is able to monitor and maintain the mangrove forest
for 24 hours only those who were around the mangrove forest.
g. Conservation in coastal.
g. Conservation in coastal.
This
program aims to protect critical habitats, maintain and improve the quality of
the resources, protecting biodiversity, and protect ecological processes. The efforts
above, is expected to be applied real life in the community, so the decreasing
of mangrove forests can be saved.
CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
CLOSING
4.1 Conclusion
Based on the research that has been done, then it can be concluded that the state of some mangrove forest in Nusa Dua in Tanjung Benoa That vast 39.00 acres of mangroves at the site, the current conditions are 22.83% and 77.17% were severely damaged not damaged. His condition is very alarming because it is influenced by several factors both internal and external.
Based on the research that has been done, then it can be concluded that the state of some mangrove forest in Nusa Dua in Tanjung Benoa That vast 39.00 acres of mangroves at the site, the current conditions are 22.83% and 77.17% were severely damaged not damaged. His condition is very alarming because it is influenced by several factors both internal and external.
It
is necessary to the holding of conservation efforts to maintain the existence of the mangrove
forest is by holding
counseling, improved social status, and
to replant mangrove forests. Many multiple
functions and benefits of mangrove forest ecosystem
and its presence around
the wide array of potential to make some people aware
of the importance of conserving
mangrove forests.
4.1 Suggestion
Based on the above conclusion, the authors suggested that while the efforts need to be made in the cultivation of mangrove forests antai Bali Nusa Dua is the holding of public awareness efforts on the island of Nusa Dua communities which are some pretty comprehensive to outreach efforts conducted so far. Then perform a variety of mitigation measures to maintain the stability of the factors necessary to increase the intensity of mangrove forests. Utilization of mangrove forests should be selective and still leads to the use of natural resources in a way that last lingkungan.Dan friendly Nusa Dua beach should make efforts to restore the mangrove forest ecosystem that will have a significant impact on the prospects of marine tourism in the island.
4.1 Suggestion
Based on the above conclusion, the authors suggested that while the efforts need to be made in the cultivation of mangrove forests antai Bali Nusa Dua is the holding of public awareness efforts on the island of Nusa Dua communities which are some pretty comprehensive to outreach efforts conducted so far. Then perform a variety of mitigation measures to maintain the stability of the factors necessary to increase the intensity of mangrove forests. Utilization of mangrove forests should be selective and still leads to the use of natural resources in a way that last lingkungan.Dan friendly Nusa Dua beach should make efforts to restore the mangrove forest ecosystem that will have a significant impact on the prospects of marine tourism in the island.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIOGRAPHY
The writer born in the town of Sumedang on April 27, 1996 from the father named Dahlan Suteja and her mother named Taswi. Writer is the eldest of two brothers. The writer completed primary school education in SDN Nagrak in 2002 and graduated in 2008. Then the writer continued his education at SMP Negeri 2 Jatinunggal in 2008 and graduated in 2011. And now the writer was educated at SMA Negeri 1 Sumedang. The writer dreams of becoming a doctor, the writer have a hobby of listening to the music and reading motivation novel.
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